线控全液压低损高效大蒜联合收获机设计与试验

Design and Test of Wire-controlled Full Hydraulic Low-loss and High-efficiency Garlic Combine Harvester

摘要:

针对我国大蒜机械化收获过程中普遍存在的漏收率高、损伤率大、无法切根以及切根均匀性差等技术瓶颈,设计了一种线控全液压驱动的低损高效大蒜联合收获机。在结构上,设计了对旋圆盘刀式切根切茎装置,通过柔性对齐机构与下端定位方法,减少蒜头与机械部件的刚性碰撞,降低损伤;在控制上,采用线控全液压驱动系统,实现对前进速度、夹持倾角、马达转速的精确调节,从而优化切根轨迹与夹持姿态,提升切根均匀性。基于上述方案,本文开展三因素三水平Box-Behnken试验,以漏收率、切净率和损伤率为评价指标,验证该机在降低漏收、改善切根质量、低损收获方面的实际效果,得到最优作业参数组合:前进速度0.301m/s、液压马达转速400r/min、夹持倾角39.607°。田间试验结果表明:前进速度0.3m/s,马达转速400r/min,夹持倾角38°时,机器漏收率为4.17% ,损伤率为2.39% ,切净率为94.4%。相较传统联合收获机械,漏收率降至5%以下,损伤率降至3%以下,切净率提升至94%以上,满足大蒜机械化低损高效收获的作业要求。

Abstract:

Aiming to address common technical challenges in mechanized garlic harvesting in China, including high missed harvest rates, significant damage rates, inability to cut roots effectively, and uneven root-cutting uniformity, a low-loss, high-efficiency combined garlic harvester with wire-controlled full hydraulic drive was developed. Structurally, the design incorporated a rotating disc knife-type root/ stem cutting mechanism. Flexible alignment mechanisms and lower-end positioning methods minimized rigid collisions between garlic heads and mechanical components, reducing damage. Control-wise, the wire-controlled hydraulic drive system enabled precise regulation of forward speed, clamping angle, and motor speed, optimizing root-cutting trajectories and clamping posture to enhance uniformity. Based on this approach, a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken experiment was conducted by using missed harvest rate, root-cutting rate, and damage rate as evaluation metrics. The results validated the machine??s effectiveness in reducing missed harvests, improving root-cutting quality, and achieving low-loss harvesting, yielding optimal operational parameters: forward speed of 0.301m/s, hydraulic motor speed of 400r/min, and clamping angle of 39.607°. Field trial results demonstrated that at a forward speed of 0.3m/s, motor speed of 400r/min, and clamping angle of 38°, the machine achieved a harvest loss rate of 4.17% , damage rate of 2.39% , and clean-cut rate of 94.4%. Compared with traditional combined harvesting machinery, these figures represented reductions in harvest loss rate to 5% , damage rate to 3% , and improve clean-cut rate to 94% , meeting the operational requirements for mechanized, low-loss, and high-efficiency garlic harvesting while providing technical support for the development of future unmanned and intelligent garlic combined harvesters.