煤电机组生物质掺烧发电与降碳减污协同技术研究进展

Biomass Co-firing in Coal-fired Power Plants: Review of Technologies for Carbon Reduction and Synergistic Pollution Control

摘要:

生物质掺烧是现阶段煤电低碳化改造最具工程可行性的技术路径之一,也是农林废弃物规模化利用的有效手段。本文以化石碳替代、污染物协同控制、生物碳移除、碳化学转化为主线,系统梳理了直接耦合、间接耦合和并联耦合3种技术路线的特征与适用边界,分析了生物质掺烧对锅炉结渣积灰、高温腐蚀及燃烧效率的影响机制,评估了其对SO2、NOx、颗粒物及重金属等污染物的协同控制效应。在此基础上,重点综述了生物质掺烧与碳捕集利用与封存(CCUS)耦合形成生物质能源碳捕集与封存(BECCS)的系统集成进展,并对飞灰在CO2资源化利用中的潜在应用方向作了初步探讨,作为副产物高值化利用的补充路径。通过对比欧盟、英国、美国、日本等国家和地区的政策框架,揭示了中国生物质掺烧发展面临的差异与挑战。研究表明,生物质掺烧已由单纯的燃料替代技术向低碳、零碳和负碳多层次技术体系演进,未来需在燃料供应链建设、高比例掺烧安全运行、BECCS系统集成以及混燃副产物高值化利用等方面实现关键技术突破。

Abstract:

Biomass co-firing has emerged as one of the most technically mature and industrially viable pathways for decarbonizing coal-fired power generation while enabling the large-scale utilization of agricultural and forestry residues. It followed a coherent logic of fossil carbon substitution, synergistic pollutant control, biogenic carbon removal, and carbon chemical conversion. Three biomass co-firing configurations, including direct, indirect and parallel coupling were systematically examined, and their technical characteristics, operational applicability, and deployment boundaries were compared. The mechanisms by which biomass co-firing affected slagging and fouling, high-temperature corrosion, and combustion efficiency were analyzed, and the synergistic mitigation of SO2, NOx, particulate matter, and heavy metal emissions was evaluated. Particular emphasis was placed on recent advances in integrating biomass co-firing with carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) to establish bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), as well as on emerging strategies for the CO2 valorization of co-firing fly ash. A comparative analysis of policy frameworks in the European Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, and China was further conducted to identify opportunities and challenges pertinent to large-scale deployment in the Chinese context. The findings indicated that biomass co-firing was evolving from a fuel substitution strategy toward an integrated technological platform capable of delivering low-, near-zero-, and even negative-carbon electricity generation. Future research should prioritize sustainable biomass supply chains, safe operation at high co-firing ratios, system-level integration of BECCS, and high-value utilization of co-combustion by-products.