空天地协同下农田系统监测关键技术研究进展

Research Progress on Key Technologies for Farmland System Monitoring through Space-Air-Ground Coordination

摘要:

农田系统的全面、精准、实时监测是推动农业数字化与智能化转型的基础。随着空天地一体化监测网络发展，依托多源遥感平台特征互补体系，结合人工智能算法，农田监测正从静态、二维、表观定性向动态、三维、机理定量转变。本文将农田作为开放复杂巨系统，围绕水-土-生-气-人5要素耦合机理，构建了立体化监测框架，并系统梳理了田块、道路、灌排设施及防护林等空间边界与基础设施的智能化提取技术方法研究进展。在此基础上，重点针对农田水、土、气、生4要素，深入剖析了土壤水分、土壤有机质、温室气体、地表/冠层温度以及作物识别、长势监测与估产等关键变量的反演技术进展。最后，从多源异构数据协同、算法创新、系统级多要素耦合与数字孪生构建等层面，探讨了当前面临的技术瓶颈并展望了未来发展趋势。

Abstract:

Comprehensive, precise, and real-time monitoring of farmland systems is the foundation for driving the digital and intelligent transformation of agriculture. With the development of space-air-ground integrated monitoring networks, leveraging the complementary features of multi-source remote sensing platforms and artificial intelligence algorithms, farmland monitoring is transitioning from a static, two-dimensional (2D), and phenomenologically qualitative approach to a dynamic, three-dimensional (3D), and mechanistically quantitative paradigm. Treating the farmland as an open complex giant system, a stereoscopic monitoring framework was constructed based on the coupling mechanisms of the five core elements: water-soil-biology-atmosphere-human. On this basis, the research progress in intelligent extraction methods for spatial boundaries and agricultural infrastructure was systematically reviewed, including field parcels, rural roads, irrigation and drainage facilities, and shelterbelts. Furthermore, focusing on the four subsystems of water, soil, atmosphere, and biology, an in-depth analysis of advances in retrieval technologies for key variables was provided, such as soil moisture, soil organic matter, greenhouse gases, and land surface/canopy temperature, alongside crop identification, growth monitoring, and yield estimation. Finally, from the dimensions of multi-source heterogeneous data synergy, algorithmic innovation, system-level multi-element coupling, and digital twin construction, the current technical bottlenecks were discussed, and future development trends were outlined.