玉米密植免耕播种机秸秆清抛分掷装置设计与试验

Design and Experiment of Straw Clearing and Throwing Device for Corn Close Planting No-till Planter

摘要:

黄淮海地区夏玉米单产提升一般采用80 cm+40 cm宽窄行密植免耕精量播种模式，通过减少株距增加种植密度，有效改善田间通风条件与提高光合作用效率，但窄行播种时小麦秸秆易堵塞播种机，影响播种质量。为解决窄行秸秆堵塞问题，在播种机前端加装清抛分掷装置，将麦茬破碎后清抛到宽行区域。构建刀轴速度模型与清抛运动学模型，分别用于刀轴转速分析及探究影响麦茬抛掷距离的主要因素。将机具作业速度、清茬刀轴转速和导流板夹角作为试验因素，以清茬率与清抛分掷装置作业功耗为评价指标，基于离散元与二次回归正交试验相结合方法，研究不同参数组合对清抛分掷装置作业性能的影响规律。结果表明：较优参数组合为机具作业速度9.2 km/h、清茬刀轴转速1 740 r/min、导流板夹角125°，此时清茬率为91.73%，功耗为8.836 kW。经田间试验验证，该参数组合下清茬率为91.19%，功耗为9.211 kW，仿真与试验结果误差小于5%，表明仿真模型具有较高可靠性与预测精度。对比试验结果表明，挂接清抛分掷装置的气吸式播种机播种效果较好，满足宽窄行玉米密植免耕精量播种的农艺需求，研究结果为黄淮海地区夏玉米宽窄行种植高质量播种提供了新思路。

Abstract:

The general approach to increase the yield of summer maize in the Huang-Huai-Hai region involved the adoption of a 80 cm+40 cm wide-narrow row close planting no-tillage precision seeding model.By reducing the plant spacing and increasing the planting density, this method effectively improved the ventilation conditions in the field and enhances the efficiency of photosynthesis.However, when sowing in narrow rows, the wheat straw tended to clog the seeder, affecting the seeding quality.To address the issue of straw clogging in narrow rows, a clearing and throwing device was installed in the front of the seeder to break the wheat stubble and threw it into the wide row area.A model of the knife shaft speed and a kinematic model of the throwing process were constructed, respectively, for the analysis of the knife shaft speed and the exploration of the main factors affecting the throwing distance of the stubble.The working speed of the machine, the rotational speed of the stubble clearing knife shaft, and the angle of the deflector plate were taken as the experimental factors, with the stubble clearing rate and the power consumption of the clearing and throwing device as the evaluation indicators.Based on the combination of discrete element and quadratic regression orthogonal experiments, the influence of different parameter combinations on the working performance of the clearing and throwing device was studied.The results showed that the optimal parameter combination was a machine working speed of 9.2 km/h, a stubble clearing knife shaft speed of 1 740 r/min, and a deflector plate angle of 125°.At this time, the stubble clearing rate was 91.73% and the power consumption was 8.836 kW.Field experiments verified that the stubble clearing rate under this parameter combination was 91.19% and the power consumption was 9.211 kW.The error between the simulation and experimental results was less than 5%, indicating that the simulation model had high reliability and prediction accuracy.Comparative test results showed that the air-suction seeder equipped with the clearing and throwing device had a better seeding effect and met the agronomic requirements of wide-narrow row close planting no-tillage precision seeding of maize.The research results can provide an idea for high-quality seeding of wide-narrow row corn in the Huang-Huai-Hai region.