我国水旱轮作区耕整地技术与装备研究现状与发展趋势

Research and Development Trends of Tillage and Land Preparation Technology and Equipment in Paddy-Upland Rotation Areas of China

摘要:

水旱轮作是保障粮油供给与提升复种指数的重要耕作方式，而耕整地作业面临由"干湿交替"环境引发的土壤板结粘重、地表高湿秸秆留存及茬口紧、农时紧迫等多重约束，对耕整地装备适应性与可靠性提出更高要求。本文在阐述水旱轮作区区域分布、轮作类型的基础上，围绕秸秆处理、土壤细碎、开沟作畦、种床厢面整形及多功能联合作业等关键技术，系统综述了相关技术与装备研究进展。研究结果表明，现有技术与装备在应对干湿交替的复杂轮作工况时仍面临诸多挑战：多相耦合机理不明与装备适应性不足、秸秆处理与种床协同构建困难、作业环境智能感知缺失与参数自适应调控能力薄弱、触土部件损伤机制认知不足与装备作业可靠性偏低等。未来研究重点将向多场耦合仿真与数字孪生、结构拓扑优化与仿生设计、智能感知与精准调控技术、材料表面工程与部件可靠性提升等方向深入发展，为构建高效、低耗、智能化的水旱轮作耕整地装备体系提供理论参考与技术支撑。

Abstract:

Paddy-upland rotation is a crucial farming system for ensuring grain and oil supply and increasing the multiple cropping index.However, tillage and land preparation operations in these areas are constrained by dry-wet alternation, soil compaction and heavy clay, retained high-moisture straw, narrow turnaround windows, and pressing seasonal schedules, all of which place higher demands on equipment adaptability and reliability.To systematically review the application status of tillage and land preparation technologies and equipment in paddy-upland rotation areas and clarify future research priorities, the regional distribution and cropping patterns of paddy-upland rotation in China were firstly summarized, and then the key technologies and representative equipment for straw management, soil fragmentation, furrow opening and bed-forming, seedbed shaping, and multi-functional combined operations were reviewed.Existing technologies still faced several bottlenecks under dry-wet alternating field conditions, including unclear multiphase coupling mechanisms and limited equipment adaptability, difficulty in coordinating straw management with high-quality seedbed construction, insufficient intelligent perception of the operating environment and weak adaptive parameter regulation, and inadequate understanding of the damage mechanisms of soil-engaging components, which led to low operational reliability.Future research should focus on multi-field coupling simulation and digital twins, structural topology optimization and bionic design, intelligent sensing and precision control, and surface engineering and reliability enhancement of key components.These efforts were expected to provide theoretical support and technical references for developing efficient, low-energy, and intelligent tillage and land preparation systems for paddy-upland rotation areas.