水氮炭协同对干热区番茄生长、产量与品质的影响

Synergistic Effects of Water, Nitrogen and Biochar on Tomato Growth, Yield and Quality in Dry-hot Regions

摘要:

为明确水氮炭协同对干热区番茄生长与产量品质的影响，本研究通过2年大田试验，开展不同灌水量（W1（100%ETc）和W2（75%ETc），ETc为作物蒸发蒸腾量）、施氮量（N1（300 kg/hm2）和N2（150 kg/hm2））和生物炭施加量（B0（0 t/hm2）和B1（20 t/hm2））3因素全面试验，综合评估水氮炭协同对番茄植株生长、土壤养分含量、产量形成及果实品质的综合影响。试验结果表明，在相同灌水量与施氮量条件下，与不施加生物炭处理相比，施加生物炭显著提高果实可溶性糖、可溶性固形物和番茄红素含量（分别达13.8%、14.6%和50.0%），同时，还显著促进根系生长，根长、根表面积和根干质量2年分别平均增长7.0%、16.0%和11.0%。在相同生物炭施加量与灌水量条件下，氮肥减施产量虽降低8.7%，但IWUE和PFPN分别提高8.5%和72.0%，根长和根表面积分别增长6.0%和8.0%。在相同施氮量与生物炭施加量条件下，当灌水水平由75%ETc提高至100%ETc时，产量、根干质量、单果质量和可溶性固形物含量分别平均提高10.1%、37.0%、21.0%和6.2%，且番茄红素含量未出现显著下降。产量构成因子（单果质量与果径）是决定最终产量的核心要素，可解释产量变异的88.37%，其中产量构成对产量的标准化路径系数达0.8957，效应极显著。B1W1N1处理（生物炭20 t/hm2+灌水量100%ETc+施氮量300 kg/hm2）能够优化植株生长、提高水氮利用效率、产量与品质，是适宜于干热区番茄绿色高效的水氮炭协同管理策略。

Abstract:

Aiming to clarify the synergistic effects of water, nitrogen, and biochar on tomato growth, yield, and quality in dry-hot regions, a two-year field experiment was conducted with a comprehensive three-factor design. The treatments included two irrigation levels: W1 (100% ETc) and W2 (75% ETc), where ETc represents crop evapotranspiration; two nitrogen application rates: N1 (300 kg/hm2) and N2 (150 kg/hm2); and two biochar application rates: B0 (0 t/hm2) and B1 (20 t/hm2). The combined effects of water, nitrogen, and biochar on tomato plant growth, soil nutrient content, yield formation, and fruit quality were systematically evaluated. The experiment results showed that, at the same irrigation and nitrogen application rates, biochar application significantly increased fruit soluble sugar, soluble solid, and lycopene contents by 13.8%, 14.6%, and 50.0%, respectively, compared with treatments without biochar. Additionally, biochar significantly promoted root growth, with average increases in root length, root surface area, and root dry weight over two years reaching 7.0%, 16.0%, and 11.0%, respectively. Under identical biochar and irrigation conditions, reducing nitrogen application led to an 8.7% decrease in yield but significantly enhanced irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFPN) by 8.5% and 72.0%, respectively, while root length and root surface area was increased by 6.0% and 8.0%. At the same nitrogen and biochar application rates, increasing irrigation from 75% ETc to 100% ETc resulted in average increases of 10.1% in yield, 37.0% in root dry weight, 21.0% in individual fruit weight, and 6.2% in soluble solid content, with no significant reduction in lycopene content. Yield components (individual fruit weight and fruit diameter) were identified as the core determinants of final yield, explaining 88.37% of yield variation. The standardized path coefficient of yield components to yield was 0.8957, indicating a highly significant effect. The B1W1N1 treatment (biochar 20 t/hm2 + irrigation 100% ETc + nitrogen 300 kg/hm2) optimized plant growth, improved water and nitrogen use efficiency, and enhanced yield and quality, making it a sustainable and efficient water-nitrogen-biochar synergistic management strategy for tomato production in dry-hot regions.