稻茬地油菜微垄联合直播机制垄装置设计与试验

Design and Experiment of Ridge-forming Device for Micro-ridge Combined Direct Seeder of Rapeseed in Rice Stubble Fields

摘要:

针对长江中下游地区降雨时空分布不均常引发油菜旱涝胁迫风险以及稻油轮作体系下油菜直播面临秸秆量大和土壤黏重板结等问题，本文提出一种犁翻埋茬、旋耕抛土制垄、主动滚压整形、微垄表面播种的油菜微垄直播工艺，设计了一种稻茬地油菜微垄精量联合直播机埋茬制垄装置。基于直纹面法设计了翻垡类铧犁体曲面，分析了土垡沿犁面运动过程，建立了土垡运动学模型，并得出土垡在三轴方向最大位移为lx=0.213 m、ly=0.479 m以及lz=0.197 m。为实现均匀分垡后制垄，确定了旋耕刀排布方式，并配合分垡制垄装置实现犁翻后均匀制垄。为提高垄形一致性，基于微垄农艺要求，设计了微垄整形牙辊结构参数，分析并确定了旋耕刀轴与整形牙辊较优转速比为0.39。翻垡类铧犁组和整机作业性能田间试验结果表明：翻垡犁组平均耕深为188~195 mm、耕深稳定性系数不小于85.29%、翻垡率不小于80.19%；整机埋茬率不小于80.32%、碎土率不小于81.69%、微垄高度为146~149 mm、微垄底宽为348~352 mm、微垄顶宽为121~128 mm、垄体稳定性系数不小于80.33%，作业质量满足稻茬地油菜微垄直播要求。研究结果为犁翻埋茬和稻茬地油菜机械直播微垄种床制备提供了参考。

Abstract:

Aiming to address the risks of drought and waterlogging stress in rapeseed caused by uneven spatiotemporal rainfall distribution in the middle and lower Yangtze River region, as well as challenges in direct seeding under rice-rapeseed rotation due to high straw volume and soil compaction, a micro-ridge direct seeding technology was proposed. This technology integrated stubble plowing, rotary tillage, ridge forming, active rolling, and surface seeding. A precision combined seeder with a stubble-burying and ridge-forming device was developed. Using the ruled surface method, the plow surface was designed, and soil clod kinematics were analyzed to establish a model and determine maximum displacements in three axes. Rotary blade arrangement was optimized for uniform ridge formation, complemented by a soil-separating and ridge-forming device. Structural parameters of the micro-ridge shaping roller were designed based on agronomic requirements, and an optimal speed ratio between the rotary blade shaft and shaping roller was determined. Field tests demonstrated the plow group's average tillage depth of 188~195 mm, depth stability coefficient not less than 85.29%, and stubble turnover rate not less than 80.19%. The seeder achieved a stubble burial rate not less than 80.32%, soil breaking rate not less than 81.69%, micro-ridge height of 146~149 mm, bottom and top widths of 348~352 mm, and ridge stability coefficient not less than 80.33%, meeting micro-ridge seeding requirements. The research result can provide a reference for stubble plowing and micro-ridge seedbed preparation in mechanical rapeseed direct seeding.