菊花机械化采摘技术研究现状与发展趋势

Research Status and Development Trends of Mechanized Chrysanthemum Harvesting Technology

摘要:

菊花作为药食两用的农作物发展迅猛，已被人们常用在日常饮食生活中。菊花花形独特、生长情况复杂，采摘难度大、易受机械损伤，而采摘技术可反映花类作物收获机械化和现代化的发展水平。为此，本文综述国内外菊花统采式和选择性智能采摘2类采摘技术与机械装置的研究现状及发展动态。首先介绍国内外菊花品种、种植模式和采摘农艺等方面的差异性，然后从工作原理、结构形式、性能参数等维度对国内外菊花统采式收获机械进行对比分析，从采摘目标感知、末端执行器结构设计、材料选型与力控策略等方面对选择性智能采摘技术进行综述。最后总结2类采摘技术面临的主要问题，并分别提出相应的发展对策，展望以智能化、低损化、高适应性为方向的采摘部件创新路径，并强调应深化农机农艺融合，以推动菊花采摘机械的技术升级与产业应用。

Abstract:

Chrysanthemum, as a dual-purpose crop for medicine and food, has developed rapidly and even become a pillar industry in some regions. It has been regularly included in people's daily diet and life. Chrysanthemums have unique flower shapes and complex growth conditions, making them difficult to harvest and susceptible to mechanical damage. Their harvesting techniques reflect the level of mechanization and modernization in the harvesting of flower crops. Therefore, the research status and development trends of two types of chrysanthemum harvesting technologies and equipment were summarized, namely, unified harvesting and selective intelligent harvesting, both domestically and internationally. Firstly, the differences in chrysanthemum varieties, planting modes, and harvesting requirements between domestic and foreign countries were introduced. Then, a comparative analysis of chrysanthemum harvesting machinery was conducted from the dimensions of working principles, structural forms, and performance parameters. The development status of selective intelligent harvesting technology was summarized from the aspects of harvesting target perception, end actuator structure, material selection, and force control strategy. Finally, the problems of unbalanced harvesting quality and efficiency, weak theoretical basis for low loss harvesting, and poor adaptability of agricultural machinery in the unified harvesting method were summarized. However, selective intelligent harvesting technology faced limitations in target perception technology, poor adaptability of harvesting end effector structure and materials, and control strategy limitations. It proposed corresponding development strategies based on the above issues. Based on this, the innovative path of mechanical components in the direction of intelligence, low damage, and high adaptability was discussed, and it was emphasized that the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy should be deepened to promote the technological upgrading and industrial application of chrysanthemum harvesting machinery. It aimed to provide reference for further research and development of mechanized chrysanthemum harvesting technology.