甘薯全程机械化技术路径与智能装备：关键环节进展、瓶颈与趋势

Full-process Mechanization Pathways and Smart Equipment for Sweet Potato: Progress, Bottlenecks and Trends

摘要:

在甘薯产业由粗放生产向现代化、智能化转型背景下，构建覆盖育苗、起垄、移栽与田间管理、收获及产后衔接的全程机械化体系，是缓解劳动力约束、降低生产成本并提升作业质量的关键途径。本文系统梳理国内外甘薯机械化作业模式与技术路径，总结关键装备的发展现状与适配特征，比较不同国家机具配置与工艺链协同的差异；并归纳智能化与信息化赋能甘薯机械化的关键技术方向与发展趋势。我国甘薯机械化总体呈现"前端环节基础较好、中后端短板突出、区域适配不足"结构性失衡，瓶颈主要集中在农机农艺关键参数与标准体系不健全、丘陵山区与小地块场景成套装备供给不足，以及复杂工况下关键部件工况适应性与可靠性偏低等方面。面向高质量与规模化需求，提出以轻简化与成套化为基础、以智能化闭环与信息化协同为牵引的系统集成路径，推动甘薯机械化由单环节优化向全链条稳定提质升级，为粮食安全、绿色生产与智能农机产业发展提供支撑。

Abstract:

Against the backdrop of the sweet potato industry's transition from extensive production to modern, intelligent agriculture, establishing a full-process mechanization system covering seedling production, ridge forming, transplanting and field management, harvesting, and postharvest integration was a key approach to easing labor constraints, reducing production costs, and improving operational quality. The mechanized operating modes and technological pathways for sweet potato production worldwide were systematically reviewed, the development status and adaptability of key machinery and equipment were summarized, the cross-country differences in implement configuration and process-chain coordination were compared, and the major directions and trends in smart and information-enabled technologies that empowered sweet potato mechanization were synthesized. Overall, sweet potato mechanization in China exhibited a structural imbalance characterized by relatively strong upstream operations but pronounced weaknesses in mid- and downstream stages and insufficient regional suitability. Key bottlenecks included incomplete machinery-agronomy parameterization and standard systems, inadequate provision of integrated equipment sets for hilly and small-plot conditions, and limited adaptability and reliability of critical components under complex operating conditions. To meet the needs of high-quality and large-scale production, a system-integration pathway grounded in lightweight and integrated equipment systems and driven by closed-loop intelligent control and information-enabled coordination was proposed, thereby promoting a shift from single-operation optimization to stable, quality-enhancing upgrading across the entire production chain and providing support for food security, green production, and the development of the intelligent agricultural machinery industry.