基于垄厢栽培模式的水稻开沟起垄插秧一体机研究

Integral Rice Transplanter with Ditching-ridging Function for Ridge-furrow Cultivation

摘要:

水稻垄厢栽培在固碳减排、节能增产等方面有着显著的优势,目前水稻垄厢栽培存在作业环节多、劳动强度大、效率低等问题。为提高垄厢栽培作业效率、简化作业流程,基于农艺需求配套的基础上,在现有开沟起垄装备上设计了一套插秧专用传动系统,满足水稻插秧正常工作需求;以插秧作业稳定性为目标,设计了插秧深度控制仿形系统,保证栽插质量,集成创制了一种水稻开沟起垄插秧一体机,一次性完成旋耕、开沟、起垄、插秧等多项作业。以插秧深度合格率为目标,对仿形系统进行离散元仿真试验,获得最优结构参数:仿形板安装高度199mm、仿形板宽463mm、仿形板前端角度20°时,仿形板姿态恢复最短耗时0.697s,土壤对仿形板最小阻力589.52N,土壤最小下陷量16.2mm,插秧深度合格率为93.22%,仿形性能效果好。以该参数试制了样机,并针对4种不同作业模式:普通旋耕+插秧机(W1,对照)、一次性开沟起垄插秧作业(W2)、一次旋耕+开沟起垄插秧(W3)、二次旋耕+开沟起垄插秧(W4),开展两年度早稻、晚稻开沟起垄插秧田间作业性能试验和产量对比。田间作业性能试验表明:机具前进速度0.5m/s,旋耕深度166~225mm时,土壤下陷量均值约为17mm,插秧深度稳定性系数达到91.07%;不同作业模式产量对比试验表明:早稻分别增产0.42%、4.00%、4.70%,晚稻分别增产1.05%、5.30%、6.10%,从综合角度分析,二次旋耕作业增加了作业成本,但是产量增幅不明显,因此W3综合效益最好。

Abstract:

Rice ridge-furrow cultivation has significant advantages in carbon sequestration, emission reduction, energy saving, and yield increase. Currently, rice ridge-furrow cultivation faces problems such as numerous operation steps, high labor intensity, and low efficiency. To improve the operation efficiency of ridge-furrow cultivation and simplify the operation process, based on meeting agronomic requirements, a dedicated transmission system for rice transplanting was designed and matched with existing ditching and ridging equipment to meet the normal working needs of rice transplanting. Aiming at the stability of transplanting operation, a transplanting depth control profiling system was designed to ensure the quality of transplanting. An integrated machine for rice ditching, ridging, and transplanting was created, which can complete multiple operations such as rotary tillage, ditching, ridging, and transplanting at one time. Targeting the qualification rate of transplanting depth, a discrete element simulation test was conducted on the profiling system to obtain the optimal structural parameters: when the installation height of the profiling board was 199 mm, the width of the profiling board was 463 mm, and the front angle of the profiling board was 20°, the shortest recovery time of the profiling board posture was 0. 697 s, the minimum resistance of soil to the profiling board was 589. 52 N, the minimum soil subsidence was 16. 2 mm, the qualification rate of transplanting depth was 93. 22% , and the profiling performance was good. A prototype was trial-manufactured according to these parameters, and field performance tests and yield comparisons of ditching, ridging, and transplanting for early rice and late rice in two years were carried out for four different operation modes: ordinary rotary tillage + transplanter (W1, control), one-time ditching, ridging, and transplanting operation ( W2), one rotary tillage + ditching, ridging, and transplanting ( W3 ), and two rotary tillages + ditching, ridging, and transplanting (W4). The field operation performance test showed that when the forward speed of the machine was 0. 5 m/ s and the rotary tillage depth was 166 ~ 225 mm, the average soil subsidence was about 17 mm, and the qualification rate of transplanting depth reached 91. 20% ; the yield comparison test of different operation modes showed that the yield increases of early rice were 0. 42% , 4. 00% , and 4. 70% , respectively, and the yield increases of late rice were 1. 05% , 5. 30% , and 6. 10% , respectively. From a comprehensive perspective, the two rotary tillage operations increased the operation cost, but the yield increase was not significant, thus W3 had the best comprehensive benefit.