玉米肥间回土分层施肥装置设计与试验

Design and Experiment of Layered Fertilization Device with Inter-fertilizer Soil-covering

摘要:

针对现有玉米分层施肥装置肥层深度不稳定,分层效果不明显问题,设计了一种肥间回土分层施肥装置。通过理论分析确定了分层施肥装置的基本结构参数,明确影响回土效果的主要因素为回土板安装角、倾斜角以及板面宽度。通过离散元法对工作过程进行仿真分析,选取浅层肥料平均深度与回土板阻力为试验指标,进行二次正交旋转组合仿真试验,建立回归模型得到最优参数组合为:回土板倾斜角29.93°、安装角11.40°、回土板宽度 31.40 mm。分别开展不同行进速度和施肥量下单因素土槽试验,所设计分层施肥装置施肥深度及变异系数在不同工况下均满足作业要求,且与市售分层施肥装置相比,浅层肥料深度变异系数和深层肥料深度变异系数分别降低了2.64、5.98个百分点,分层效果更明显。田间试验结果表明,浅层及深层肥料深度变异系数均小于10% ,满足行业标准要求。

Abstract:

Aiming to address the issues of unstable fertilization depth and indistinct stratification effects in existing maize layered fertilization systems, an inter-fertilizer soil-covering layered fertilization device was developed. Based on theoretical analysis, the fundamental structural parameters of the device were determined, and the primary factors affecting the soil-covering performance were identified as the installation angle, inclination angle, and width of the soil-covering plate. The working process of the device was analyzed by using the discrete element method (DEM). Taking the average depth of shallow- layer fertilizer and the resistance of the soil-covering plate as evaluation indices, a quadratic orthogonal rotational combination simulation experiment was conducted. A regression model was established to optimize the structural parameters. The optimal parameter combination was obtained as follows: inclination angle of the soil-covering plate was 29.93°, installation angle was 11.40°, and plate width was 31.40mm. Soil bin experiments were further carried out at different forward speeds and fertilizer application rates to evaluate the performance of the proposed device. The results showed that the fertilization depth and its coefficient of variation under various operating conditions satisfied agronomic requirements. Compared with a conventional layered fertilization device, the coefficients of variation of shallow-layer and deep-layer fertilization depths were reduced by 2.64 and 5.98 percentage points, respectively, indicating an improved stratification effect. Field experiments were conducted to further validate the practical performance of the device. The results demonstrated that the coefficients of variation of both shallow-layer and deep-layer fertilization depths were less than 10% , meeting the requirements of relevant industry standards. In summary, the proposed inter-fertilizer soil-covering layered fertilization device effectively enhanced the stability of fertilization depth and improved the layered fertilization performance, providing a reliable technical approach for precision fertilization in maize production.