播种作业触土部件研究综述

Review of Research on Soil-engaging Components in Seeding Operations

摘要:

播种作业质量直接关乎精准农业与智慧农业落地成效,其实现主要依赖开沟、排/导种、覆土和镇压等部件的协同作用。开沟、覆土、镇压等触土部件的作业性能通过作用于播种各环节,影响最终播种质量。本文从播种作业触土部件类型与产品出发,系统梳理了现有典型产品和非典型产品的基本结构。聚焦低扰动、减粘脱附等影响播 种作业质量的性能提升,以及触土部件与土壤互作机理、调节机构优化和升级、作业状态智能监控等关键技术,综述了国内外相关研究进展。在此基础上,指出现有播种作业触土部件存在结构形式单一、产业化转化不足、高速作 业适应性弱、智能调控能力不足、材料与工艺水平滞后等问题。面向未来发展,总结五大技术方向:面向多农艺模式的触土部件模块化与可调节技术、高效低耗触土部件的仿生减阻与结构轻量化技术、适配高速作业场景的动力学匹配与速度自适应控制技术、主动作业与智能化联动的闭环调控与感知决策技术,以及先进耐磨材料制备与高精度成形工艺技术。

Abstract:

High-quality seeding operation is a key link in the seeding process of precision agriculture and smart agriculture, which is mainly completed through the coordination of processes such as furrow opening, seed metering and guiding, soil covering and soil compacting. The working performance of soil- engaging components such as furrowing, soil-covering, and pressing affects the final seeding quality by acting on the various stages of the seeding process. Based on the structure and types of the soil-engaging components in seeding operations, the basic structures and forms of existing typical and a typical products were summarized. Focusing on the improvement of operational quality such as low disturbance, anti- adhesion and anti-sticking of soil-engaging components, the research on component-soil interaction mechanism, the adjustment mechanism, and the intelligent monitoring of operating status, the research status of relevant technologies in China and abroad were elaborated in detail. Based on the above research status, the main existing problems of soil-engaging components in seeding operations were identified as follows: a single structural form of components, insufficient industrialization transformation, weak adaptability to high-speed operations, inadequate intelligent regulation and control capabilities, and lagging material and process levels. Totally five development prospects were summarized: modularization and adjustable technology for soil-engaging components tailored to meet the needs of multiple agricultural modes, bionic drag reduction and lightweight structure technology for efficient and low-consumption soil- engaging components, dynamic matching and speed adaptive control technology suitable for high-speed operation scenarios, closed-loop regulation and perception decision-making technology for active operation and intelligent linkage, and advanced wear-resistant material preparation and high-precision forming process technology.