农业机械触土部件材料研究与应用进展综述

Review of Research and Application Progress of Materials for Agricultural Machinery Soil-contact Components

摘要:

农业机械触土部件的性能直接决定农机作业效率与服役寿命,其材料发展是提升农业装备水平的关键。本文系统综述了触土部件材料的研究进展与应用现状。首先,分析了部件在砂土、黏土、水田等典型工况下的受力与损伤机制,明确了耐磨性、抗冲击性、抗粘附性等核心性能要求。其次,梳理了从传统钢铁材料(弹簧钢、硼钢)到现代表面涂层技术(堆焊、熔覆、热喷涂、化学热处理等)及新型材料(高分子、高熵合金)的技术体系,并对比了国内外研究与应用差距。结合国内外典型应用案例,总结了材料性能的田间、实验室及数值模拟评价方法。最后,指出当前材料在极端工况适应性、多性能协同及产业化应用中面临的挑战,并从产业化升级、工况导向设计、智能与绿色制造、差异化竞争等方面展望了未来发展方向,旨在为高性能触土部件材料研发与工程应用提供系统性理论参考。

Abstract:

The soil-contact components in agricultural machinery, whose performance directly determined operating efficiency and service life, and whose materials development was key to advancing agricultural equipment were investigated. It presented a systematic review of the research progress and current applications of soil-contact component materials. Firstly, it analyzed the loading and damage mechanisms of these components under typical operating conditions, such as sand and clay soils, and paddy fields, and clarified core performance requirements, including wear resistance, impact resistance, and anti- adhesion properties. Secondly, it traced the technology system from traditional steel materials ( spring steel, boron steel) to modern surface coating technologies ( hardfacing, cladding, thermal spraying, chemical surface treatments, etc. ) and to new materials (polymers, high-entropy alloys), and compared the gaps between domestic and international research and applications. Drawing on representative domestic and international case studies, it summarized evaluation methods for material performance in field tests, laboratory experiments, and numerical simulations. Finally, it identified the challenges that current materials faced in extreme operating conditions, multi-property synergy, and industrialization, and outlined future development directions in terms of industrial upgrading, condition-driven design, intelligent and green manufacturing, and differentiated competition. The aim was to provide a systematic theoretical reference for the development and engineering application of high-performance soil-contact component materials.