茄果类蔬菜离盘式全自动嫁接机设计与试验

Design and Testing of Fully Automatic Disc‑type Grafting Machine for Solanaceous Vegetables

摘要:

针对人工嫁接效率低、成本高、市场上缺乏能满足国内生产要求的嫁接设备等问题，本文设计一种茄果类蔬菜种苗离盘式全自动嫁接机，可自动完成种苗上苗、接穗预切削、种苗夹持、种苗多株同步切削、对接上夹和种苗回栽等作业。阐述了嫁接机结构组成和工作原理，设计了上苗、运输、预切削、夹持、切削、上夹等关键机构及作业参数;为确定最佳工作参数提高嫁接成功率，使用番茄、辣椒、茄子穴盘苗为试验对象，选取预切削后砧木高度、接穗对接下降高度、接穗高度、接穗对接下降速度为试验因素，以嫁接成功率为评价指标，开展四因素三水平响应面试验，得出接穗对接下降高度、接穗对接下降速度为影响嫁接成功率的显著因素。利用Design?Expert 13软件对试验结果进行方差分析、响应曲面分析和参数优化及试验验证，获得最佳参数组合。试验结果表明，当预切削后砧木高度为70~80 mm、接穗对接下降高度为75 mm、接穗高度为140~160 mm、接穗对接下降速度为0.2 m/s时，平均嫁接成功率为94.6%，平均嫁接效率为1 110株/h，满足茄果类蔬菜种苗批量化嫁接作业需求。

Abstract:

Aiming to address issues such as low efficiency, high costs, and the lack of grafting equipment meeting domestic production requirements in the market, a fully automatic seedling?off?tray grafting machine was designed. It can automatically complete operations, including seedling loading, scion pre?cutting, seedling clamping, simultaneous multi?seedling cutting, scion alignment and clamping, and seedling replanting. The structure and working principle of the grafting machine were detailed, with key mechanisms and operational parameters designed for seedling loading, transportation, pre?cutting, clamping, cutting, and clamp application. To determine optimal parameters and enhance grafting success rates, tomato, peppers, and eggplants as test subjects. The factors selected for investigation were the height of the rootstock after pre?cutting, the descent height of the scion during alignment, the height of the scion, and the descent speed of the scion during alignment. Grafting success rate served as the evaluation metric. A four?factor, three?level response surface experiment was conducted, revealing that the descent height and descent speed of the scion during alignment were significant factors affecting grafting success rate. Design?Expert 13 software was employed for variance analysis, response surface analysis, parameter optimization, and experimental validation to obtain the optimal parameter combination. Experimental results indicated that when the pre?cut rootstock height was 70~80 mm, scion descent height was 75 mm, scion height was 140~160 mm, and scion descent speed was 0.2 m/s, the average grafting success rate reached 94.6% with an average grafting efficiency of 1 110 plants per hour, meeting the demands for large?scale grafting operations of solanaceous vegetable seedlings.