热区主要作物收获技术与装备研究进展

Research Progress on Harvesting Technology and Equipment for Major Crops in Tropical Regions

摘要:

热带作物是全球农业生产和农产品贸易的重要组成部分，其种植区域广泛、作业环境复杂，收获装备机械化率低，已成为制约热区农业发展的关键因素。以橡胶、木薯、甘薯、咖啡等热区主要经济作物以及椰子等热带水果为研究对象，通过系统梳理与对比分析，阐述其分布特征与产业规模，总结并分析不同作物的收获模式特点、装备结构及关键作业技术研究进展。针对热区作物多分布于高温高湿、土壤黏重的丘陵山区，且成熟期不一等特点，分析热区作物机械化收获面临基础理论薄弱、丘陵山区适用小型装备不足、机械化作业条件受限以及产业配套不完善等问题，提出加强作业机理研究、推进农机农艺融合与规模化种植、发展轻简化及精准化收获装备以及完善产业链与组织体系等发展方向。

Abstract:

Tropical crops constitute a significant component of global agricultural production and trade. However, their wide distribution, complex operating environments, and low level of harvesting mechanization have become critical constraints on agricultural development in tropical regions. Focusing on major tropical economic crops, including rubber, cassava, sweet potato, and coffee, as well as tropical fruits such as coconut, their distribution characteristics and industrial scale were systematically reviewed and comparatively analyzed. It further summarized the harvesting patterns, structural features of harvesting equipment, and recent advances in key operational technologies for different crops. Given that tropical crops were typically cultivated under high-temperature and high-humidity conditions, in heavy and cohesive soils, predominantly across hilly and mountainous terrains, and often exhibited dispersed maturity periods, mechanized harvesting in tropical regions faced multiple challenges. These included insufficient fundamental theoretical research, a shortage of small-scale machinery suitable for hilly and mountainous areas, restricted operational conditions for mechanized applications, and incomplete industrial support systems. Accordingly, future development should prioritize strengthening research on harvesting mechanisms, promoting the integration of agricultural machinery with agronomic practices alongside scale-oriented cultivation, advancing lightweight and precision-oriented harvesting equipment, and improving the industrial chain and organizational systems.