马铃薯收获减损机理研究试验台设计与优化

Design and Optimization of Test Bench for Studying Mechanism of Loss Reduction in Potato Harvesting

摘要:

为深入研究马铃薯收获薯土分离装置的作业机理和作业质量提升技术途径，解决马铃薯收获机械田间试验伤薯率及破皮率高、效率低、数据采集不便等问题，设计了一款马铃薯收获减损规律试验台。该试验台主要由分离装置、振频调整装置、振幅调整装置、倾角调整装置、物料监测装置、全角度观测装置等组成，试验台采用可视化设计，可全方位观察分离过程。通过理论分析建立了薯土混合物在输送分离过程中的动力学模型；运用高速摄影技术解析了薯土碰撞、翻滚回流和破裂等力学行为的发生与演变过程，通过曲线拟合，获得薯土混合物的速度曲线和加速度曲线。通过单因素试验分析，明确了主要作业参数：线速度、装置倾角、振动频率、振幅的影响区间，并开展响应面试验寻找最优作业参数。结果表明：当线速度为1.2m/s、装置倾角为20°、振动频率为12.5Hz、振幅为50mm时，马铃薯伤薯率为0.81％，破皮率为1.36％，含杂率为2.256％，各项作业指标均满足马铃薯机械化收获作业要求，可为马铃薯低损高效收获装备的设计与优化提供理论依据和技术支撑。

Abstract:

Aiming to deeply study the working mechanism and the technical approaches for improving the working quality of the potato soil separation device during harvesting, and solve the problems of high injury rate and skin breakage rate, low efficiency and inconvenient data collection in field tests of potato harvesting machinery, a potato harvesting loss reduction rule test bench was designed. The test bench mainly consisted of a separation device, a vibration frequency adjustment device, an amplitude adjustment device, an angle adjustment device, a material monitoring device, and a full-angle observation device. The test bench adopted a visual design, allowing for all-round observation of the separation process. Through theoretical analysis, a dynamic model of the potato-soil mixture during the conveying and separation process was established. High-speed photography technology was used to analyze the occurrence and evolution of mechanical behaviors such as potatosoil collision, rolling backflow, and rupture. Through curve fitting, the velocity and acceleration curves of the potato-soil mixture were obtained. Through singlefactor experiments, the influence intervals of the main working parameters, including linear velocity, device angle, vibration frequency, and amplitude, were clarified. Response surface experiments were conducted to find the optimal working parameters. The results showed that when the linear velocity was 1.2m/s, the device angle was 20°, the vibration frequency was 12.5Hz, and the amplitude was 50mm, the injury rate of potatoes was 0.81%, the skin breakage rate was 1.36%, and the impurity rate was 2.256%. All working indicators met the requirements of potato mechanical harvesting operations, providing theoretical basis and technical support for the design and optimization of low-loss and high-efficiency potato harvesting equipment.