寒地玉米弯孢菌叶斑病无人机应急喷施防治方法与性能试验

Emergency Spraying Method and Performance Testing for Controlling Curvularia Leaf Spot by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle on Cold Region Corn

摘要:

玉米弯孢菌叶斑病会严重威胁寒地玉米产量，当前针对该病爆发中后期的无人机应急喷施研究较少，且缺乏沉积特性与延续产量的分析。本研究旨在明确药剂类型、喷头类型及助剂添加等典型因素对玉米弯孢菌叶斑病中后期患病植株冠层的雾滴沉积效果及后续防治效果（以产量表征），以期为相关病害大规模爆发应急防治提供技术指导。以植保无人机为喷施平台,包含13个处理（含空白对照 CK）。研究具体设置了药剂（扬彩、法砣、中保颖收）、喷头（XR80015、IDK90015）、是否加助剂（利飞 D）3类变量，精准测定了玉米植株冠层各层易患病处的雾滴覆盖率、沉积密度及粒径等喷施沉积数据，并在后续玉米成熟后持续追踪测定了各处理的产量。使用扬彩（悬乳剂）进行喷施防治的平均沉积密度（20.77 drops/cm2）和覆盖率（2.63%）显著优于法砣（悬浮剂）与中保颖收（悬浮剂）（P<0.05），但其在沉积均匀性方面略显不足；基于上述药剂使用，助剂（利飞 D）的添加未能有效改善雾滴沉积，部分处理的沉积效果反而有所下降；研究还发现，XR喷头雾滴粒径较小、平均沉积密度较高（19.63 drops/cm2），IDK 喷头雾滴粒径相对偏大，虽具有防飘功能但实测有效沉积较少。对于应急防治后玉米产量，经统计一半处理（6个处理）产量高于空白对照组产量（11313.0kg/hm2），但是由于病害发展至中后期已经对产量造成影响，仅4个处理产量能达到正常水平（12750.0kg/hm2）。综合而言，在本试验条件下，使用药剂扬彩，不添加助剂，使用XR喷头的喷施沉积效果最佳。但具体的无人机喷施策略，尤其是药剂选择还需考虑实际防治产量情况，本研究中使用药剂法砣的两个处理（T6和T8）虽雾滴沉积效果并非最优，却取得了最高的产量。

Abstract:

Curvularia leaf spot of maize severely threatens corn yield in cold regions. However, research on emergency UAV spraying during the mid-to-late stages of disease outbreaks remains limited, with insufficient analysis of deposition characteristics and yield. Aiming to clarify the effects of typical factors including pesticide type, nozzle type, and adjuvant addition on droplet deposition within the canopy of mid-to-late stage infected corn plants and subsequent control efficacy (as measured by yield), thereby providing technical guidance for emergency management during large-scale disease outbreaks. Using agricultural UAV as the spraying platform, incorporating 13 treatments, including a blank control CK. Three variables: pesticide (Yangcai Propiconazole azoxystrobin (PA), DuPont@FaTuo@Fungicide (DF), and Pyraclostrobin Tebuconazole (PT)), nozzles (XR80015, IDK90015), and adjuvant addition (FlyWin D) were specifically designed. Precise measurements of spray deposition data, including droplet coverage rate, deposition density, and droplet size were taken at susceptible locations across corn canopy layers. Yields were continuously monitored and measured for each treatment at corn maturity. PA (suspo-emulsion) demonstrated significantly superior average deposition density (20.77 drops/cm2) and coverage (2.63%) compared with DF (suspension concentrate) and PT (suspension concentrate) (P<0.05), though its deposition uniformity was slightly inferior. Based on the above pesticide applications, the addition of the adjuvant (FlyWin D) failed to effectively improve droplet deposition, with deposition efficiency actually decreasing in some treatments. It was also found that the XR nozzle produced smaller droplet sizes and higher average deposition density (19.63 drops/cm2), while the IDK nozzle produced relatively larger droplets. Although it possessed anti-drift capabilities, its measured effective deposition was lower. Regarding corn yield after emergency control, statistical analysis showed that half of the treatments (six treatments) yielded higher than the blank control group (11313.0kg/hm2). However, since the disease had progressed to the mid-to-late stages, affecting yield, only four treatments achieved normal yield levels (12750.0kg/hm2). In summary, under the experimental conditions, the best deposition effect was achieved by using the pesticide PA without adjuvants and the XR nozzle. However, specific UAV spraying strategies, particularly pesticide selection, should consider actual yield outcomes. The two treatments (T6 and T8) using the pesticide DF achieved the highest yields despite not having the optimal droplet deposition effect.