大载荷农用无人机关键技术与应用综述

Review on Key Technologies and Applications of Heavy-load Agricultural UAVs

摘要:

在农业低空经济快速发展的背景下，农用无人机已成为推动农业现代化和智能农业建设的重要力量。随着作业规模扩大和任务复杂度提升，大载荷农用无人机凭借更强的载重能力和作业效率正逐渐成为农业航空装备的重要发展方向。本文系统综述了大载荷农用无人机的研究进展和应用现状，分析了大载荷农用无人机总体气动布局结构、能源系统及飞行控制系统等关键技术的发展趋势，总结了其在植保施药、播种施肥和农作物运输等领域的典型应用，并归纳了变量喷施、播撒机构优化与吊挂控制等关键技术的发展现状与应用成效。研究表明，大载荷农用无人机在提升作业效率、拓展无人化作业场景方面发挥了显著作用，但仍面临载荷能力、能源效率与飞控智能化等方面的技术瓶颈。未来研究应重点围绕高能效动力系统、智能决策控制、作业精度提升、安全与可靠性评估等方向展开，以促进其在农业生产中的规模化、智能化和可持续化发展。

Abstract:

With the rapid development of the low-altitude economy in agriculture, agricultural unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become an essential driving force in promoting agricultural modernization and the construction of smart agriculture. As the operational scale expands and task complexity increases, heavy-load agricultural UAVs—with their greater payload capacity and operational efficiency—are emerging as a key development direction for agricultural aviation equipment. The research progress and application status of heavy-load agricultural UAVs were systematically reviewed, and the development trends of key platform technologies such as aerodynamic configuration, power systems, and flight control systems were analyzed. Typical applications in pesticide spraying, seeding and fertilization, and agricultural material transportation were summarized, along with the progress and effectiveness of critical technologies such as variable spraying, spreading mechanism optimization, and sling-load control. The results indicated that heavy-load agricultural UAVs played a significant role in improving operational efficiency and expanding unmanned operation scenarios, yet still faced technical challenges in payload capacity, energy efficiency, and intelligent flight control. Future research should focus on high-efficiency power systems, intelligent decision-making and control, improvements in operational accuracy, as well as safety and reliability assessment, so as to promote the large-scale, intelligent, and sustainable development of these systems in agricultural production.