深耕改土方式对涝渍白浆土物理结构和作物生长

Analysis of Effects of Deep Plowing Soil Improvement Methods on Physical Structure and Crop Growth of Waterlogged Albic Soil

摘要:

涝渍限制黑龙江省东部三江平原耕作土壤（白浆土）生产潜力，制约粮食稳产、丰产。本研究针对三江平原涝渍区域白浆土存在坚硬的障碍层，通气透水性差、排水不畅，易形成涝渍灾害问题，采取自主研发的鼠洞犁（RHPT）和秸秆深埋犁（SDBT）进行耕作改土作业，以常规耕作（灭茬起垄）为对照（CK），基于人工模拟涝渍对正处吐丝期的玉米进行7d的涝渍胁迫，研究两种深耕改土方式打破障碍层，改善土壤耕层构造，抵御涝渍对玉米根系生长、干物质积累、产量构成的性能。试验结果表明：相对常规耕作（CK)，2种耕作措施降低土壤硬度，改善土壤透性，三相比更合理。RHPT、SDBT处理与CK相比，亚表层（20~40cm)土壤硬度最大降幅分别为25.9%、19.3%，土壤固相率降低7.9%、9.2%，液相率增加11.5%、10.6%；耕层透水系数增加451.1%、407.1%，各项指标差异均显著（P<0.05）。2种耕作措施减缓涝渍对玉米的生长胁迫，提高玉米产量。RHPT、SDBT处理与CK相比，玉米根活力分别增加25.0%、28.0%，干物质量增加11.1%、11.8%；SPAD值增加17.1%、14.4%；花粉活力提高26.1%、22.7%；籽粒产量增加11.3%、12.0%。本研究采取2种耕作改土措施，增加土壤库容，减缓涝渍对玉米根系胁迫，提高作物抗逆性，为东北春玉米减灾保产调控提供技术支撑。

Abstract:

The waterlogging limited the production potential of cultivated soil (waterlogged albic soil ) in the eastern Sanjiang Plain of Heilongjiang Province, which restricted the stable and high yield of this region. Focusing on the hard barrier layer, poor ventilation and permeability, and poor drainage of white clay in the flooded areas of the Sanjiang Plain, which can easily lead to waterlogging disasters issues. Self-developed mouse hole plows (RHPT) and straw deep buried plows (SDBT) were used for tillage and soil improvement operations, with conventional tillage (stubble removal and ridge formation) as the control (CK). Based on artificial simulation of waterlogging, maize during the silk emergence stage was subjected to 7 days of waterlogging stress. Two deep tillage and soil improvement methods were studied to break through the barrier layer, improve soil tillage structure, and resist the nature of waterlogging on maize root growth, dry matter accumulation, yield composition, etc. The experimental results showed that compared with conventional tillage (CK), the two tillage measures reduced soil hardness, improved soil permeability, and had a more reasonable three-phase ratio. Compared with CK, RHPT and SDBT treatments resulted in a maximum decrease of 25.9% and 19.3% in subsoil （20~40cm） hardness, a decrease of 7.9% and 9.2% in soil solid fraction, and an increase of 11.5% and 10.6% in liquid fraction, respectively. The permeability coefficient of the plow layer was increased by 451.1% and 407.1%, and the differences in various indicators were significant (P<0.05). These two cultivation measures can alleviate the growth stress of waterlogging on corn and increase corn yield. Compared with CK, RHPT and SDBT treatments increased maize root vitality by 25.0% and 28.0%, respectively, and increased dry matter mass by 11.1% and 11.8%, respectively;SPAD values were increased by 17.1% and 14.4%, respectively. The pollen vitality was increased by 26.1% and 22.7%, and the grain yield was increased by 11.3% and 12.0%, respectively. The research adopted two tillage and soil improvement measures to increase soil storage capacity, alleviate waterlogging stress on maize roots, improve crop stress resistance, which provided technical support for disaster reduction and yield preservation regulation of spring maize in Northeast China.