氮肥减量追施对风沙区膜下滴灌花生生长与渗透调节物质的影响

Effects of Reduced Nitrogen Fertilizer with Topdressing on Peanut Growth and Osmotic Adjustment Substances under Mulched Drip Irrigation in Sandy Areas

摘要:

为探究膜下滴灌条件下氮肥减量追施对花生生长及渗透调节物质的影响，于2023年和2024年5—10月在辽宁省阜新市阿尔乡灌溉试验站开展测坑裂区试验，研究膜下滴灌（IMDI）和滴灌（ICK）条件下，不同施氮模式（N0，不施氮处理；N1，减施1/4氮肥一次施肥处理；SN1，减施1/4氮肥分3次追肥处理；N2，常规施氮量一次施肥处理）对花生主茎高、根系形态、渗透调节物质含量、产量及水分利用效率的影响。试验结果表明，2023年和2024年，IMDI处理花生主茎高始终大于ICK处理，且不同施氮模式下花生主茎高由大到小依次为SN1、N2、N1、N0。花针期与结荚期，IMDISN1处理花生根系形态指标均为最优。2023年花针期，IMDISN1处理根长较IMDIN1与IMDIN2处理分别提高43.9%和36.6%。2024年花针期，与IMDIN1与IMDIN2处理相比，IMDISN1处理根表面积分别提高52.2%和17.3%，根体积分别提高49.5%和25.0%；与ICKN2处理相比，IMDISN1处理根长和根体积分别提高41.8%和45.5%。干旱胁迫下花生体内脯氨酸含量由大到小依次为SN1、N1、N2、N0，IMDISN1处理脯氨酸含量较IMDIN1与IMDIN2处理分别提高18.1%和34.8%（2024年结荚期）；可溶性蛋白含量由大到小依次为N2、SN1、N1、N0，IMDIN2处理可溶性蛋白含量较IMDISN1与IMDIN1处理分别提高27.4%和40.6%（2024年结荚期）；可溶性糖含量由大到小依次为SN1、N1、N2、N0，IMDISN1处理可溶性糖含量较IMDIN1和IMDIN2处理分别提高30.3%和40.0%（2024年花针期）。IMDI处理产量显著高于ICK处理，IMDISN1处理较ICKN2处理无显著差异。IMDISN1处理水分利用效率较ICKN2处理提高32.3%（2023年）和41.1%（2024年）。因此，膜下滴灌条件下减施1/4氮肥分3次追肥处理（IMDISN1）能提高花生对水氮的吸收利用，增强花生需水关键期的渗透调节作用，最终提高花生产量。研究结果可为风沙区花生节水减氮生产提供理论依据。

Abstract:

Aiming to investigate the effects of reduced nitrogen fertilizer with topdressing on growth and osmoregulatory substances in peanut under mulched drip irrigation, a split-plot experiment was conducted at the Aerxiang Irrigation Experimental Station in Liaoning Province from May to October in 2023 and 2024. The effects of different nitrogen application modes (N0, no nitrogen;N1, 25% nitrogen reduction with single application;SN1, 25% nitrogen reduction with three times application;and N2, conventional nitrogen rate with single application) on main stem height, root morphology, osmoregulatory substances, yield, and water use efficiency of peanuts under mulched drip irrigation (IMDI) and drip irrigation (ICK) were analyzed. Results indicated that in 2023 and 2024, the IMDI treatment consistently exhibited greater main stem height than ICK treatment across all nitrogen modes. SN1 obtained the highest main stem height, and followed by N2 and N1, N0 had the lowest main stem height. During the flowering and pod setting stage, the IMDISN1 treatment achieved the optimal root morphology. In 2023, at the flowering stage, compared with IMDIN1 and IMDIN2 treatments, the IMDISN1 treatment increased root length by 43.9% and 36.6%, respectively. In 2024, at the flowering stage, compared with the IMDIN1 and IMDIN2 treatments, the IMDISN1 treatment enhanced root surface area by 52.2% and 17.3%, and root volume by 49.5% and 25.0%, respectively. Compared with the ICKN2 treatment, the IMDISN1 treatment increased root length and root volume by 41.8% and 45.5%, respectively. Under drought stress, SN1 treatment had the highest proline content, and followed by N1 and N2 treatment, the N0 treatment had the lowest proline content. During the pod setting stage in 2024, compared with the IMDIN1 and IMDIN2 treatments, the IMDISN1 treatment increased proline content by 18.1% and 34.8%, respectively. During the pod setting stage in 2024, the N2 treatment had the highest soluble protein content and followed by the SN1 and N1 treatment, the N0 treatment had the lowest soluble protein content, the IMDIN2 treatment had 27.4% and 40.6% higher soluble protein content than the IMDISN1 and IMDIN1 treatments, respectively. During the flowering stage in 2024, the SN1 treatment obtained the highest soluble sugar content, and followed by the N1 and N2 treatment, the N0 treatment had the lowest soluble sugar content, compared with the IMDIN1 and IMDIN2 treatments, the IMDISN1 treatment increased soluble sugar content by 30.3% and 40.0%, respectively. The IMDI treatment had higher peanut yield than the ICK treatment, but the IMDISN1 treatment had similar peanut yield with ICKN2 treatment. Compared with the ICKN2 treatment, the IMDISN1 treatment increased water use efficiency by 32.3% (2023) and 41.1% (2024), respectively. Thus, reducing nitrogen rate by 25% with three split applications under mulched drip irrigation (IMDISN1) could improve water and nitrogen utilization, enhance osmoregulation during the critical water requirement stages, and ultimately promote peanut yield. These findings could provide theoretical basis for water-saving and nitrogen reduction in peanut production in sandy regions.