油菜直播播种带旋切组合深施肥装置设计与试验

Design and Experiment of Rotary-cut Combined Type Deep Fertilization Device for Rapeseed Direct Seeding Strip

摘要:

针对长江中下游地区油菜直播前茬秸秆量大、土壤黏重等问题，从油菜种床整备与深施肥作业相结合的角度出发，本文提出了一种厢面整幅浅旋、播种带旋切深松深施肥种床制备方法，设计了一种旋切组合深施肥装置。依据耕作层前茬水稻根系分布特点，结合油菜根系生长特性，确定了施肥深度为100~150mm、深松深度为200mm；基于动力学分析了切茬破土圆盘切断残茬的作用力，分析了缺口滑切曲线，确定了圆盘半径、滑切角和缺口数量；根据耕作深度确定了深松破土铲关键参数；通过单体扰动区域得到了旋切组合深施肥装置排布间距。利用离散元软件对旋切组合深施肥装置作业性能进行了仿真试验，结果表明，当施肥深度为150mm时，播种带构建合理，秸秆混埋均匀，施肥深度为156.60mm，深度稳定性系数为87.46%，均匀性系数为13.18%。田间性能试验结果表明，当施肥深度为150mm时，埋茬率为86.65%；播种带耕深、非播种带耕深分别为191.17、112.50mm；耕深稳定性系数分别为90.70%、91.18%；实际施肥深度为149.44mm，施肥深度合格率为85.80%。田间播种试验结果表明，当施肥深度为150mm时，实际施肥深度为151.56mm，施肥深度合格率为85.83%，施肥均匀性变异系数为14.33%,旋切组合深施肥装置处理下出苗率为88.97%，高于旋耕混施肥和旋耕不施肥；花期主根长度分别增加22.24%和38.26%，主根颈直径分别增加0.60%和3.57%，产量分别提高14.02%和37.50%。结果表明旋切组合深施肥装置为油菜生长提供了适宜的播种带和施肥效果，可为油菜机械化直播种床整备和深施肥提供参考。

Abstract:

In response to the fact that a large amount of straw and sticky soil of oilseed rape direct seeding in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, from the perspective of combining oilseed rape seedbed preparation and deep fertilizer application operation, a preparation method of seedbed with the whole width of the compartment shallowly rotated and the seeding belt rotated and cut for deep loosening and deep application of fertilizer was proposed, and a rotary-cutting combined deep fertilizer application device was designed. Based on the characteristics of rice root distribution in the previous crop in the tillage layer, combined with the root growth characteristics of rapeseed plants, the fertilizer depth of 100~150mm and the deep loosening depth of 200mm were determined;based on the kinetic analysis of the stubble cutting and breaking disc to cut off the stubble force, and the notch slip-cutting curves were qualitatively analyzed, the radius of the disc, the angle of the slip-cutting and the number of the notches were determined;based on the plowing depth, key parameters of the deep loosening and breaking shovels were determined;and the key parameters of the rotary-cutting and breaking shovel were determined through the single disturbed area, and the row spacing of rotary-cutting combined deep fertilizer application device was obtained. Using discrete element software to simulate the operational performance of a rotary-cutting combined deep fertilizer application device, the results showed that when the fertilizer depth was 150mm, the seed bed belt was reasonably constructed, and the straw was evenly mixed and buried. The fertilizer depth was 156.60mm, with a depth stability coefficient of 87.46%, and a uniformity coefficient of 13.18%. The field performance test showed that when the fertilizer depth was 150mm, the stubble burying rate was 86.65%;the plowing depth of the seed bed belt and non-seed bed belt was 191.17mm and 112.50mm, respectively;the stability coefficient of plowing depth was 90.70% and 91.18%, respectively;the actual fertilizer depth was 149.44mm, and the qualified rate of fertilizer depth was 85.80%. The field sowing test showed that when the fertilizer depth was 150mm, the actual fertilizer depth was 151.56mm, the qualified rate of fertilizer depth was 85.83%, the coefficient of variation of fertilizer uniformity was 14.33%, and the seedling emergence rate under the treatment of rotary-cutting combined deep fertilizer device was 88.97%, which was higher than that of rotary-tillage mixed fertilizer and rotary-tillage without fertilizer, and the length of the main root in the flowering stage was increased by 22.24% and 38.26%, the diameter of the main root neck was increased by 0.60% and 3.57%, and rapeseed yield was increased by 14.02% and 37.50%, respectively. The results showed that the rotary-cutting combined deep fertilization device provided a suitable seedbed strip and fertilization effect for the growth of oilseed rape, which could provide a reference for the preparation of seedbed and deep fertilization for mechanized direct seeding of oilseed rape.