农业新能源动力装备研究现状与发展建议

Research Status and Development Suggestions of New Energy Power Equipment for Agriculture

摘要:

发展农业新能源动力装备对推动农业绿色低碳转型、保障国家粮食安全和实现农业现代化意义重大。本文系统阐述了农业新能源动力装备的国内外研究进展，重点分析新能源拖拉机、新能源微耕机、新能源作业平台及新能源农用低空航空器四大类装备的现状及发展趋势。新能源农机领域，拖拉机呈纯电、混动与清洁燃料并行演进；新能源微耕机正由“纯电主导”向“电-混并进、智能自走化”演进；新能源作业平台正沿“电驱为主、氢/生物燃料补充，轮/履/轮腿多形态协同”的技术路径演进；新能源农用低空航空器正沿“电驱为主、氢能增航”的技术路线协同发展。然而，当前农业新能源装备面临核心技术适配不足、标准检测体系不完善、产业链协同薄弱、基础设施滞后、市场服务体系不健全等问题与挑战。为此，提出未来应在顶层设计与政策支持、关键“三电”与专用底盘技术攻关、产业链协同与基础设施建设、标准检测与中试验证、场景化示范与服务体系完善等方面协同推进，提升新能源农机适配性与可靠性，促进电动农机推广应用。

Abstract:

The development of new energy power equipment for agriculture is of great significance for promoting the green and low-carbon transformation of agriculture, ensuring national food security and achieving agricultural modernization. A systematic review of domestic and international research progress in new power equipment for agricultural was provided. It focused on analyzing the current status and development trends of four major categories of equipment: new energy tractors, new energy micro-tiller, new energy work platforms, and new energy agricultural low-altitude aircraft. In the field of new energy agricultural machinery, tractors are developing in parallel toward pure electric, hybrid, and clean fuel options;new energy micro-tiller are evolving from “pure electric dominance” to “electric and hybrid parallel development and intelligent self-propulsion”. New energy work platforms are advancing along a technical path characterized by “electric drive as the main power source, supplemented by hydrogen/biofuels, and multi-form coordination of wheels, tracks, and wheeled legs”. New energy agricultural low-altitude aircraft are developing along a technical route featuring “electric drive as the main power source, hydrogen energy for extended range”. However, the new energy agricultural equipment industry is currently facing challenges such as inadequate adaptation of core technologies, an incomplete standard testing system, weak industrial chain coordination, lagging infrastructure, and an incomplete market service system.To this end, it was proposed that future efforts should be coordinated across multiple fronts: top-level policy design and standard testing, breakthroughs in key “three-electric” technologies and specialized chassis systems, industrial chain collaboration and pilot-scale validation, energy-supply infrastructure such as fast charging, battery swapping, and hydrogen fuel, and the completion of scenario-based demonstration and service systems. It was suggested to enhance the adaptability and reliability of new energy agricultural machinery to promote the application of electric agricultural machinery.