生物炭均匀撒播高效旋埋还田机设计与试验

Design and Experiment of High-efficiency Rotary Burial and Returning Machine for Uniform Broadcasting of Biochar

摘要:

针对目前生物炭易固结、撒施难度大且混埋还田效果差等问题，提出了一种生物炭撒施旋埋还田的农艺模式，设计了一种生物炭均匀撒播高效旋埋还田机。阐述了生物炭均匀撒播高效旋埋还田机的基本结构与工作原理，对炭箱搅拌系统、强制排炭系统和旋耕系统进行理论分析，确定了关键结构参数，探究了电机转速、前进速度等影响生物炭均匀撒播高效旋埋还田机排炭性能的主要因素；探究了旋耕刀辊转速影响生物炭还田的主要因素。以排炭速率偏差、各行排炭量一致性变异系数及总排炭量稳定性变异系数作为试验指标进行了基于电机转速的台架静态试验，验证了机具撒播性能；以排炭率偏差、前进方向排炭均匀度变异系数和工作幅宽方向排炭均匀度变异系数作为试验指标进行了基于电机转速和前进速度的台架动态试验，验证了机具排炭性能并确定各因素对试验指标的影响；采用两因素三水平正交试验探究了生物炭均匀撒播高效旋埋还田机的最优工作参数，并通过田间试验对台架试验的结果进行验证，结果表明：在当前进速度2.5km/h、电机转速75r/min这一最优参数组合下，生物炭均匀撒播高效旋埋还田机的前进方向排炭均匀度变异系数为4.23%，工作幅宽方向排炭均匀度变异系数为5.59%，理论排炭率为5019.9kg/hm2，排炭率偏差为2.34%。整机性能满足生物炭撒播还田农艺要求。

Abstract:

In response to the current challenges of biochar compaction, difficulty in broadcasting, and poor mixing and burial effects during field application, an agricultural practice of biochar broadcasting and rotary burial for field return was proposed. A high-efficiency rotary burial and uniform broadcasting machine for biochar was designed. The basic structure and working principles of the machine were described. Theoretical analyses were conducted on the biochar box stirring system, the forced biochar discharge system, and the rotary tillage system to determine key structural parameters. The main factors affecting the biochar discharge performance, such as motor speed and forward speed, were explored. Additionally, the main factors influencing biochar field return, such as the rotational speed of the rotary tillage blade roller, were investigated. Static bench tests based on motor speed were conducted by using discharge rate deviation, the coefficient of variation (CV) of discharge consistency among rows, and the CV of total discharge stability as test indicators to verify the broadcasting performance of the machine. Dynamic bench tests based on motor speed and forward speed were performed by using discharge rate deviation, the CV of discharge uniformity in the forward direction, and the CV of discharge uniformity in the working width direction as test indicators to evaluate the discharge performance and determine the effects of each factor on the test indicators. A two-factor, three-level orthogonal test was conducted to identify the optimal working parameters of the biochar broadcasting and rotary burial machine. Field tests were carried out to validate the bench test results. The results showed that under the optimal parameter combination of forward speed of 2.5km/h and motor speed of 75r/min, the CV of discharge uniformity in the forward direction was 4.23%, the CV of discharge uniformity in the working width direction was 5.59%, the theoretical discharge rate was 5019.9kg/hm2, and the discharge rate deviation was 2.34%. The overall performance of the machine met the agricultural requirements for biochar broadcasting and field return.