玉豆带状复合种植免耕精量播种覆秸一体机设计与试验

Design and Experiment of Integrated Machine for No-till Precision Seeding and Straw Mulching for Corn and Soybean Strip Compound Planting

摘要:

针对玉豆带状复合种植机械化播种过程中田间秸秆量大、代用机具播种质量差、作业效率低等问题，设计一种在收获后原茬地条件下一次进地可同步完成“清秸防堵种床整理-玉米大豆精播施肥-秸秆均匀覆盖”一体机。按照玉豆带状复合种植农艺要求，设计了一体机结构；采用正交试验与离散元仿真相结合方法，对清秸覆秸装置结构进行了仿真分析和参数组合优化，当作业速度为9.9km/h、刀轴转速为625r/min、清秸总成螺旋线头数为3、残茬抛撒控制板倾角为90°时，清秸率为91.03%、覆秸匀度为87.05%，当量功耗为9.79kW；在机收经粉碎秸秆残留量1.48kg/m2的玉米原茬地实施整机田间性能试验，结果表明：当作业速度为7.2km/h（保证试验样机排种器正常工作）、大豆粒距为8cm、玉米粒距为10cm、刀齿入土深度为50mm时，机具通过性良好，大豆、玉米粒距合格指数分别为79.50%、88.66%，重播指数分别为4.03%、3.66%，漏播指数分别为16.48%、7.68%，变异系数分别为28.49%、21.31%，大豆、玉米播深合格率为90%，施肥深度合格率为80%，种肥水平间距合格率为80%，覆秸匀度为88.97%，播后田间无晾籽现象。

Abstract:

For corn and soybean strip compound planting mechanized sowing process in the field of large amount of straw, substitute equipment sowing quality was poor, low operating efficiency and other issues, the design of a post-harvest stubble land conditions at a time into the ground can be synchronized to complete the “clearing of straw anticlogging seed bed finishing-corn and soybean sowing fertilizer-straw uniform cover” integrated machine. In accordance with the agronomic requirements of corn and soybean strip compound planting, the structure of the integrated machine was designed, and its working principle and corresponding technical parameters were given; according to the agronomic characteristics of corn and soybean strip compound planting, the lateral spacing of the straw clearing assembly in the straw clearing and mulching device was determined through theoretical calculations; by combining orthogonal experiment and discrete element simulation, simulation analysis and parameter combination optimization were carried out on the structure of straw clearing and mulching device, when the operating speed was 9.9km/h, the rotational speed of cutter shaft was 625r/min, the number of helix heads of the straw clearing assembly was 3, and the inclination angle of stubble spreading control plate was 90°, the straw clearing rate was 91.03%, the mulching uniformity was 87.05%, and the equivalent power consumption was 9.79kW; adopting the single-factor experiment method, the whole machine field performance experiment was implemented in the corn stubble land with 1.48kg/m2 residue of crushed straw after machine harvesting, and the results showed that when the operation speed was 7.2km/h (to ensure the normal work of the seed dispenser of the experimental prototype), the grain spacing of soybean was 8cm, the grain spacing of corn was 10cm, the depth of the knife teeth in the soil was 50mm, the machine passed well, the qualified index of grain spacing of soybean and corn were 79.50% and 88.66%, the index of reseeding were 4.03% and 3.66%, the index of leakage of seeding were 16.48% and 7.68%, and the coefficient of variation were 28.49% and 21.31%, respectively, and the qualified rate of sowing depth of soybean and corn were 90%, the qualified rate of fertilizer depth were 80%, and the qualified rate of horizontal spacing of seed and fertilizer were 80%, the uniformity of straw covering was 88.97%, and there was no seed drying phenomenon in the field after sowing. The research results laid the foundation for the development of the integrated machine for precision sowing of corn and soybean strip compound planting and the popularization and application of technology of corn and soybean strip compound planting.