江西省水稻全程机械化生产模式与装备配置研究

Full-process Rice Mechanization Production Models and Equipment Configuration in Jiangxi Province

摘要:

江西省是全国重要的水稻主产区，但水稻机械化生产效率低下，制约了水稻单位种植面积生产能力的提升。本文以不同经营规模水稻机械化生产模式为研究对象，从作业成本角度选取耕整地、种植、植保、收获和干燥5个环节作业费用为投入指标，选取产值为产出指标，使用超效率SBM模型和Cobb-Douglas生产函数两种方法测算不同生产规模和不同地形条件下的水稻全程机械化生产模式技术效率。结果表明，纯技术效率低下是制约水稻全程机械化生产模式技术效率提高的主要原因;赣中、赣南丘陵山区生产模式技术效率逐渐降低，赣中和赣南丘陵山区是技术效率提升的薄弱区域;随着生产规模的扩大，生产模式技术效率呈先上升后下降的趋势，技术模式与生产规模配置合理是提高水稻全程机械化生产模式技术效率的重要途径。鼓励赣北平原地区应用大中型拖拉机、乘坐式插秧机和大型干燥机等高性能机械。在赣中和赣南丘陵山区可通过先成立家庭农场/专业大户，辐射周边带动小农户机械化发展，再发展大型合作社并建立育秧和干燥中心，最终成为综合农事服务中心的路径，促进江西省丘陵山区水稻机械化生产模式技术效率提高。赣北平原生产规模大的经营主体可发展“自营+对外服务”与“全产业链延伸”模式，赣中、赣南丘陵山区生产规模小的经营主体可发展“自营”及“托管”模式，有效整合机械化技术，提升生产效率，促进农民增收。

Abstract:

Jiangxi Province is an important rice-producing region in China. However, the low efficiency of mechanized rice production restricts the improvement of production capacity per unit of cultivated area. Focusing on different operational scales of mechanized rice production models, from the perspective of operational costs, five key stages were selected as input indicators, namely land preparation, planting, plant protection, harvesting, and drying, with output value as the output indicator. The super-efficiency SBM model and Cobb-Douglas production function were employed to measure the technical efficiency of full-process mechanized rice production under different production scales and terrain conditions. The results showed that low pure technical efficiency was the main factor limiting the improvement of the technical efficiency of full-process mechanized rice production models. The technical efficiency of production models in the hilly areas of central and southern Jiangxi was gradually decreased, making these regions critical for technical efficiency improvements. As production scales expanded, the technical efficiency of the production models initially rose and then declined, highlighting the importance of rational allocation between technical models and production scale in improving technical efficiency. The application of high-performance machinery was encouraged, such as large and medium-sized tractors, ride-on rice transplanters, and large-scale dryers, in the northern plain areas of Jiangxi. In the central and southern hilly areas，family farms and specialized large-scale households can be established firstly, radiating mechanization development to surrounding smallholders. Subsequently, large cooperatives can be formed, along with the establishment of seedling and drying centers, eventually evolving into comprehensive agricultural service centers. This path promoted the technical efficiency improvement of mechanized rice production models in the hilly areas of Jiangxi Province. Large-scale operators in the northern plain regions can develop a “self-operation + external service” model and extend into the “full industrial chain” model. Meanwhile, small-scale operators in the central and southern hilly areas can develop “self-operation” and “entrusted management” models, effectively integrating mechanization technology to improve production efficiency and increase farmers’ income.