基于仿生学的分层深松分类施肥机设计与试验

Design and Testing of Bionic-based Layered Subsoiling and Classified Fertilization Machine

摘要:

西南地区长期的传统耕作方式使犁底层上移，且土壤贫瘠等现象日益严重，传统的深松和施肥装置作业效率较差。本文结合仿生学原理设计了一种分层深松分类施肥装置，基于EDEM软件建立土壤和肥料离散元模型，并进行仿真试验。仿真试验结果表明，深松装置最优参数组合为深松作业速度1.54 km/h、前后铲水平间距500 mm、前后铲竖直间距300 mm;排肥器装置最优参数组合为槽轮半径30 mm、弧心距离28.5 mm、螺旋升角81°。基于仿真结果进行田间试验，结果表明分层深松分类施肥机对土壤扰动率为 52.4%，土壤膨松度 19.7%，碎土率 78%，均达到深松机设计要求，且优于单铲深松作业;排肥性能试验结果表明，有机肥排肥量分别为120.8、182.8 g，无机肥排肥量分别为620.3、916.9 g;有机肥排肥稳定变异系数为2.38%、4.93%，无机肥排肥稳定变异系数为2.04%、3.01%，达到排肥要求，实现有机肥和无机肥分层施用。本文设计的分层深松与分类施肥一体化装置，提升了犁底层土壤破碎效果与施肥效率，为保护性耕作机械结构优化提供参考。

Abstract:

The long-term traditional farming methods in the southwest region have caused the plough bottom to move up and the soil to become increasingly barren. The traditional subsoiling and fertilization devices have poor operating efficiency. Combined the principles of bionics, a layered subsoiling and classified fertilization device was designed, a discrete element model of soil and fertilizer was established based on EDEM software, and simulation experiments were conducted. The simulation results showed that the optimal parameter combination for the subsoiling device was a subsoiling speed of 1.54 km/h, a horizontal spacing of 500 mm between the front and rear shovels，and a vertical spacing of 300 mm between the front and rear shovels;The optimal parameter combination for the fertilizer feeder device is a radius of 30 mm for the sheave, a distance of 28.5mm from the arc center, and a helix angle of 81°. Based on the simulation results, field experiments were conducted, and the results showed that the disturbance rate of the layered subsoiling and classified fertilization machine on the soil was 52.4%, the soil looseness was 19.7%, and the soil crushing rate was 78%, all meeting the design requirements of the subsoiler and surpassing the single-shovel subsoiling operation. The results of the fertilizer performance test showed that the organic fertilizer application rates were 120.8 and 182.8 g, respectively, while the inorganic fertilizer application rates were 620.3 and 916.9 g, respectively. The stable variation coefficients of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer were 2.38% and 4.93%, respectively, meeting the requirements for fertilizer application and achieving the stratified application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. The integrated device for layered subsoiling and classified fertilization designed improved the soil crushing effect and fertilization efficiency of the plough bottom layer, providing a reference for optimizing the structure of conservation tillage machinery.