甘蔗机械化收获技术与装备研究综述

Technology and Equipment of Sugarcane Harvesting Mechanization Review

摘要:

收获机械化率低是影响我国甘蔗产业可持续发展的关键因素之一，适用的机收技术与装备是推进机收发展的必要条件。本文从收获窗口期甘蔗的理化特性，糖厂与农艺对机收的技术要求，机械化收获的技术路线，机收分行与扶起、切梢、推倒、根部切割、输送、切段、除杂、集料等关键技术与部件以及收获系统等方面进行文献梳理。分析了这些技术存在的问题和国内外收获机在我国的适用性。我国已形成了完备的科研与制造体系，生产出大、中、小型系列甘蔗收获机。我国甘蔗收获机械的研制具有自上而下的研发任务和政策引导，以及在引进、消化吸收国外先进技术基础上进行研发的特点，甘蔗收获机技术路线创新不够，关键技术原创性不足。国内外现有机型在我国的适用性较差，糖厂和蔗农对机收含杂率、损失率、根茬破头率和蔗田碾压的接受程度较低。结合我国蔗糖产业实际情况、甘蔗立地和农艺技术条件，创制适用机收技术与装备：针对云南甘蔗倒伏较轻和蔗茎较脆的特点，研制扶起-立式输送-剥叶与打捆联合收获技术；针对广西、广东榨季多雨和甘蔗倒伏较严重的特点，研制以推倒-伏卧输送割堆（捆）技术为核心的分步协同机收技术；针对农村田块小和窄行距的特点，研制双行机收技术与机具；针对大型农场适合大、中机具作业的特点，完善宽行距固定轨迹作业农机农艺融合技术。

Abstract:

The lower rate of mechanized harvest of sugarcane was one of the key factors which affected the sustainable development of sugarcane industry in China. Suitable harvesting technology and equipment were the necessary conditions of promoting the development of sugarcane harvesting. The physical and chemical properties of sugarcane during the harvest window, the technical requirements of sugar mills and agronomy for mechanized harvesting, the technical route of machined harvesting, the key technologies and its device of sugarcane harvester, such as dividing and lifting, topping, knocking down, base cutting, conveying, chopping, removing impurities, material collected, and harvesting systems were reviewed. The existing problems of those key technologies and the applicability of domestic and imported harvesters in China were analyzed. China had formed a complete research and manufacturing system, and large, medium and small size sugarcane harvesters have been made. The research and development of sugarcane harvesting machinery in China had two obvious characteristics, one was the topdown research and development tasks and policy guidance, the other was that it was based on the foreign advanced technology.Its technology route of sugarcane harvester and its key technologies were both not innovative enough. The existing harvesters of home made and imported had poor adaptability in China.Their impurity content, field loss rate, stubble damage rate and soil compaction of fields were less acceptable to sugar mills and sugarcane farmers. The suitable harvesting technology and equipment should be developed based on the actual situation of sugarcane industry, sugarcane site and agronomic technology situation. In Yunnan Province, sugarcane was less lodged and its variety stem was brittle, the combined harvesting technology of sugarcane vertical conveying, leaf stripping and baling should be developed. In Guangxi and Guangdong Provinces, it is rainy weather in sugarcane harvest window, and its sugarcane was usually lodged badly. A multi-steps cooperative harvesting technology with knockdown and lying conveying whole stalk harvesting and centralized impurity removal technology should be developed. According to the characteristics of small size and narrow row space in rural sugarcane field, the technology of double-row harvesting should be developed.According to the characteristics of large farm suitable for large and medium machine operation, the agronomic integration technology of wide row spacing and fixed track operation should be developed.