东北黑土地玉米免少耕播种技术与机具研究进展

Research Progress of No/Minimum Tillage Corn Seeding Technology and Machine in Northeast Black Land of China

摘要:

以秸秆覆盖还田和玉米免少耕播种为主要技术特征的保护性耕作技术是东北黑土地保护与利用的主要技术手段。本文综述了东北黑土区目前主要的玉米免少耕播种技术模式与配套机具，重点对比分析了秸秆覆盖还田条件下种床整备机具工作原理及其技术特点。在阐述现有玉米免少耕播种技术模式及配套装备存在主要问题的基础上，建议重点围绕种床整备、高速精量排种、智能电驱排种、播深智能控制、垄作免少耕播种、农机农艺融合等方面展开深入研究，以期为东北黑土地玉米免少耕播种技术与机具研究提供装备技术支撑。

关键词:黑土地;保护性耕作;免少耕播种;种床整备;玉米

Abstract:

The protection and utilization of black land in Northeast China had great significance to ensure national food and ecological security. Conservation tillage technology with straw mulching and no/minimum tillage corn seeding as the main technical features was the main technical means for the protection and utilization of black soil in Northeast China. The current no/minimum tillage technology model and supporting equipment of corn seeding in the northeast black soil regions of China were summarized, the seedbed treatment machine used before and during no/minimum tillage seeding of corn were listed, comparative analysis of the working principle and technical characteristics of the seedbed treatment machine under the condition of straw mulching was focused, and the techniques of stubble breaking and furrowing, precise sowing, covering and suppressing of seed in no/minimum tillage seeding of corn were briefly introduced. Based on the overview of main problems existing in the no/minimum tillage corn seeding technical modes and supporting equipment, it was expounded that intensive study should focus on the seedbed treatment, high-speed precision seed metering, intelligent electric drive seed metering, intelligent control of seeding depth, no/minimum tillage ridge seeding and integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy, and it was expected to provide equipment and technical support for the research of no/minimum tillage corn seeding technology and machine in black soil regions of Northeast China.

Key words:black land; conservation tillage; no/minimum tillage; seedbed treatment; corn